{"id":9575,"date":"2026-04-19T09:24:05","date_gmt":"2026-04-19T09:24:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/en.colaw.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/?p=9575"},"modified":"2026-04-19T09:24:05","modified_gmt":"2026-04-19T09:24:05","slug":"college-of-law-university-of-baghdad-discusses-phd-dissertation-on-the-effect-of-hardship-in-contracts-a-study-in-light-of-article-1195-of-the-amended-french-civil-code","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/en.colaw.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/?p=9575","title":{"rendered":"College of Law, University of Baghdad Discusses PhD Dissertation on the Effect of Hardship in Contracts: A Study in Light of Article 1195 of the Amended French Civil Code"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">College of Law, University of Baghdad discussed a doctoral dissertation entitled \u201cThe Effect of Hardship in Contracts: A Study in Light of Article 1195 of the Amended French Civil Code, with a Comparative Study of English Law\u201d by the student Raghad Faleh Dallam, in the Department of Private Law, on Thursday, 16 April 2026, in the college conference hall.<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The examination committee consisted of:<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1. Prof. Dr. Shorouq Abbas Fadhil (Chair)<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">2. Prof. Dr. Ali Muttashar Abdul Sahib (Member)<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">3. Prof. Dr. Samira Hussein Muhsin (Member)<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">4. Assist. Prof. Dr. Nada Abdul Kadhim Hussein (Member)<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">5. Assist. Prof. Dr. Nasreen Ghanim Hanoon (Member)<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">6. Prof. Dr. Jalil Hassan Al-Saadi (Member and Supervisor)<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The study aimed to clarify the concept of hardship and its legal significance, analyze the legal issues arising from its effect on contracts, and examine judicial and jurisprudential efforts in addressing it. It also explored legislative approaches to hardship under the comparative legal systems, the extent of judicial authority to intervene in contracts, revise them, and adapt them to changed circumstances, ultimately leading to termination at the appropriate time and under conditions determined by the court.<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The dissertation consisted of three chapters. The first chapter examined the nature of hardship in contracts, the second addressed determining the effects of hardship on contracts, and the third focused on remedies for contractual imbalance arising from hardship.<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The dissertation concluded with several recommendations, the most important of which were:<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">First: The Iraqi legislator should amend Paragraph Two of Article 146 of the Civil Code by adding a remedial mechanism represented by renegotiation before resorting to litigation, similar to the French Civil Code.<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Second: The court\u2019s discretionary authority regarding the restoration of economic balance should be maintained, while amending the phrase \u201creduce the obligation to a reasonable extent\u201d and granting the court broader options to restore economic balance.<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Third: The proposed text should preserve its mandatory nature in order to strengthen the legal protection granted to contracting parties. Allowing exclusion of the proposed article may turn such exclusion into a standard contractual clause, thereby undermining the intended purpose of the remedy.<\/span><\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>College of Law, University of Baghdad discussed a doctoral dissertation entitled \u201cThe Effect of Hardship in Contracts: A Study in &#8230; <a class=\"cz_readmore cz_readmore_no_icon\" href=\"https:\/\/en.colaw.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/?p=9575\"><span>more<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":205,"featured_media":9577,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9575","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-latest-news","category-pravite"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>College of Law, University of Baghdad Discusses PhD Dissertation on the Effect of Hardship in Contracts: A Study in Light of Article 1195 of the Amended French Civil Code - 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